Periodontal Complications

Many people take an array of medications to help treat their health problems. Sometimes these medications can have different side effects on a patient’s oral health. Some of the most common oral side effects associated with medications include:

1. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia) – a condition that leaves the mouth without enough saliva to wash away food and neutralize plaque, leaving a patient more susceptible to tooth decay and periodontal diseases. In addition, dry mouth can cause sore throat, difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness. Medications associated with dry mouth include:

• Allergy medications such as antihistamines
• Blood pressure medications or diuretics
• Painkillers
• High blood pressure medication
• Antidepressants

Talk to your dental professional if you suffer from dry mouth, as there are remedies available.

2. Gum (Gingival) Overgrowth – A condition in which the gums become swollen and “grow over” the teeth. Overgrown gums make it easier for bacteria to accumulate and attack supporting structures of the teeth, which can lead to severe periodontal infection. Medications associated with gingival overgrowth include:

• Anticonvulsants (e.g., Phenytoin (Dilantin) – used for treating seizures)
• Immunosuppressants (e.g., Cyclosporine – used following organ transplants)
• High Blood pressure medications (e.g., Nifedipine – calcium channel blockers)

3. Discoloration of Gums – A condition in which gum tissues appear blackish-blue in color and at times appear to be transparent. Medications associated with discolored gums include:

• Acne medications (e.g., Minocycline)
• Arthritis medications

4. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) – ONJ is a condition in which the bone tissue in the jaw fails to heal after minor or major therapy, such as tooth extraction, causing the bone to be exposed. This exposure can eventually lead to infection and may even fracture which will require long-term antibiotic therapy or therapy to remove the dying bone tissue. Medications associated with ONJ include:

• Intravenous bisphosphonates (commonly used in patients undergoing chemotherapy)
• Oral bisphosphonates like Fosamax or Actonel

Today’s health – and beauty-conscious consumers are looking for treatments and medications to proactively protect their bodies and appearances with few or no side effects. Patients can help accomplish this goal by informing their health care provider of any changes in overall health and prescription and non-prescription medications they are taking.